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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'forming'.

2 I‘jām (phonetic distinctions of consonants).

1.6 Shaddah (consonant gemination mark).

1.5 Tanwin (final postnasalized or long vowels).

1 Tashkil (marks used as phonetic guides).

In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full tashkīl, to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. Modern Arabic is always written with the i‘jām-consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full tashkīl-vowel guides and consonant length.

Tashkīl is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing.

The latter include the vowel marks termed ḥarakāt ( حَرَكَات singular: حَرَكَة, ḥarakah). Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word, with no vowel between, instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant, the consonant is written only once, and shadda is written above it.The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include: consonant pointing known as iʻjām ( إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics known as tashkīl ( تَشْكِيل). Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant. It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel. Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel, it receives a mark called a sukūn, a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC). When Ya' is used to represent the long vowel, kasra appears above the preceding consonant.

Ya' is the long vowel ī (like the "ee" in English "sheep"). It represents a short vowel i (like the "i" in English "pit"). Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel a (a little like the "u" in "but" a short "ah" sound).Īlif is the long vowel ā (a long "ahh" sound as in English "father"). When Waw is used to represent the long vowel, damma appears above the preceding consonant.įatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. Wāw is the long vowel ū (like the "oo" in "moon"). It represents a short vowel u (like the "u" in "but").

Index => The Arabic Alphabet: Vowels Nameĭamma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation.